[Volunteer members of International Brigade sitting in a large barrel against a tree, a gun outside, Spain]

[Speaker at Writers' Conference in front of poster Ernst Thaelmann, Paris]

Spanish republican refugees at Le Perthus, France

The Spanish civil war was the first conflict where urban civilian populations were targeted from the air, creating the need for air raid shelters. Island of Minorca

Spanish refugees crossing the French border at Le Perthus

[Loyalist pilots eating, drinking and resting near their airplane, Spain]