[Mara Vishniac’s membership card for the Werkleute Bund Jüdischer Jugend (Working People, or League of Jewish Youth)]

Formed in 1922 to promote fellowship among young German Jews through social action, physical activity, and intellectual engagement, the Bund Deutsch-Jüdischer Jugend (League of German Jewish Youth) was formed for the purpose of self-defense and solidarity against Nazi antisemitism. Forced to change its name to the League of Jewish Youth, or Werkleute (Working People), after the 1935 Nuremberg Laws, it was entirely banned in 1937, but continued its work underground.