[André Malraux (left) and Ilya Ehrenburg (center) at the Second International Congress of Writers for the Defense of Culture, Valencia]

André Malraux is on the left (with cigarette). Malraux was a politically engaged French intellectual who volunteered to fight for the Republicans. While in Spain, he formed the international air squadron and subsequently became their colonel. Malraux reflected on the early months of the Spanish Civil War in his novel L'Espoir (Days of Hope), which he published In 1937. The following year, while in Barcelona, he produced and directed a film based on the novel.